What is gene editing and CRISPR CAS19

 Over the past several decades, scientists have made great strides in the field of molecular biology e.g gene editing . One of the major achievements of science in this field is the technology of genome editing in the field of genetic editing science. Genome editing is actually a branch of genetic engineering that enables scientists to manipulate the genetic material of any living thing, using DNA(CRISPR Cas19) , using a variety of genetic tools and genetic engineering.

Gene editing and CRISPR Cas19

This technology is helpful in eliminating the mutated part of the genome of living things, which is called mutated in scientific terms, or replacing it with new useful parts. Scientists have so far discovered many ways of genetic modification. ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR tops the list. The technology actually led to the discovery in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick of the double helix structure of DNA, the genetic material of living things.

This molecular knowledge of DNA actually led to the beginning of modern molecular biology and the molecular research of DNA not only proved to be an early milestone in the genetic research of various organisms but also served as backone of numerous discoveries in field of microbiology.

In 1915, a scientist named Kormnberg developed in the laboratory not only the important components of DNA called nucleotides, but also those obtained from a bacterium in the laboratory. With the help of the enzyme "DNA Polymerase", DNA also made a copy of the gene in it. And so this research was one of the important discoveries in the field of biological sciences, which earned all these scientists good fame and the Nobel Prize in the world of science. 

In 1962, a group of scientists used molecular technology as a tool to investigate molecular biology by using a bright green reprotonin called "Green Floureseut" in a marine life "jellyfish". Introduced by Discovery. This green protein is actually attached to a specific study gene or protein and is inserted into the cell and then the resulting specific protein moves to a specific location and its role in the cell is determined by this green glossy protein.

In 1967, scientists discovered another important enzyme, DNA ligase, which repairs the genetic material in living DNA and replicates it inside DNA cells (DNAReplication). Discovering and the role of molecular biology and introduction of another most important and brand new genetic tool.

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While, in 1968, a scientist named Werner Arber also found that the bacterial self-destructive or self-invading virus,which is called bacteriophage, carry an enzyme known as Restriction Enzyme(. The destroyers kill the virus by cutting the genetic material of bacteria into pieces and thus in this way protecting themselves from virus attack. This Restriction Enzyme is also known as Molecular Scissor in biology.

Genome editing and CRISPR Cas19

More Interestingly, the bacteria themselves use another type of enzyme to protect their genetic material from these molecular scissors(restriction Enzyme) and protect themselves from division of their own genetic material into fragments. And so the bacteria use this Restriction Enzyme(molecular scissors) as a defense system. The discovery of the Restriction Enzyme proved to be an extremely important tool for scientists conducting genetic research. 

Since about 1970s, scientists have not only obtained hundreds of numerous types of Restriction Enzymes from numerous types of bacteria, but also continued research on these derived enzymes, laying the ground work for more advanced technologies in the field of molecular biology, such editing of the genes.

In the 1970s, a scientist named Paul Berg used these molecular biology tools to cut the DNA of two different viruses for the first time and intersect their fragments, thus combining DNA technology. Founded the Recombinant DNA Technology. Paul Berg was given the Nobel Prize in 1980s for his best research in this field .

In 1971, a scientist named Nathenz used Restriction Enzyme to make it easier and possible to study the "mapping" of DNA in living things. This research opened up new avenues for scientists to make detailed studies of genetic material and make useful and positive changes.

Thus different types of genetic tools were discovered, including different enzymes and proteins. A new chapter in genetic engineering was started.

And so in the 1980's, through genetic engineering, scientists carried out many genetic experiments and introduced in the real world not only a variety of products, but also a variety of drugs, hormones such as insulin, different types of vaccines and many more. Includes diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases.

Not only did Recombinant DNA Technology enhance the nutrition, volume and flavor of different types of fruits and vegetables in the field of agriculture, but also discovered ways to protect them from insects and other germs that invade crops and orchards. 

In 1981, scientists introduced the first transgenic animal, successfully incorporating the genetic material of one animal into the genetic material of another animal through genetic engineering. In this experiment, the scientists took some of the genes of the rabbit and inserted it into the genetic material of mice, and thus the scientists in the field of genetic engineering started a big battle.

In 1983, Kary Mulins, a scientist in the field of molecular biology, invented a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which made it possible for scientists to study the genetic material of living things in a very simple, cheap and short time. 

The PCR technique can actually make thousands and millions of copies of a single copy of genetic material in a very short time and using very little machinery. Nowadays, PcR is the only way to accurately identify the disease by identifying the germs of various diseases, an example of which is the corona virus. The PcR technique is also used in forensic science.

In 1985, scientists made another important discovery in the field of molecular biology, in which they discovered a special structural protein that binds to the genetic material DNA of living things, called the Zinc Finger Domain. Named (ZNF). ZNF is actually the part of the structure of any protein that is linked exclusively to the DNA of living organisms to help make specific proteins in the cell as needed at a particular moment. And used the ability to facilitate genetic studies.

To this end, scientists linked the protein containing ZNF to a special type of Restriction Enzyme FOKI derived from a bacterium by identifying a specific site or target in DNA and cutting it. Scissor) prepared. These genetic scissors (Zink Finger Domain Nuclases), called ZNFs, enable the process of genetic modification at any particular place in the genetic material of living things. These genetic scissors are being used in research into a variety of diseases, such as cancer screening and treatment.

The constant discovery of these different types of genetic tools eventually led scientists to develop the first recombinant vaccine against the hepatitis B virus in 1986. This is followed by a vaccine against a number of other diseases such as whooping cough, pneumonia and the recently spread corona virus.

In the 1990's, scientists conducted successful experiments in gene cloning using genetic tools and introduced a variety of GMOs Genetically Modified Organizations. The biggest breakthrough in this field was the Dolly sheep in 1996, which was born as a result of genetic cloning.

In 1998, scientists launched a new scientific project aimed at testing the sequence or identification of the complete genetic material of human beings. I'm done Scientists named this scientific project the Thousand Genome Project.

During its success, scientists completed the sequencing of the genetic material of other living things, including animals, plants and microbes. Not only that, but in the course of this research, in 2001, for the first time, the first genetic treatment for cancer, "Targeted Gene Theropy" was successfully tested, and the drug "Glivec" was approved by the FDA. And now this drug is being used successfully for the treatment of certain types of leukemia.

In 2006, a recombinant vaccine against the human papilloma virus, which causes cancer for the first time in humans, was developed using genetic modification technology, and scientists using a variety of tools developed Developed the first anti-cancer vaccine to prevent cancer.

In 2011, scientists invented a new genetic modification technology called TALENs. TALENs is actually an acronym for "Transcription Activator Like Effectors Nucleases."

Scientists Jennifer Doudna and Emanvella Charpentier invented a genetic modification tool called CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR stands for "Cluster Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat". Cas-9 is an enzyme that also acts as best(molecular scissor) genetic scissor. CRISPR-Cas9 is actually a defense system found in bacteria that the bacteria actually use to kill the virus (Bacteriophage) that invades them.

Interestingly, CRISPR invades the genetic material of the invading virus via cas9 and other enzymes to preserve a piece of it for its own memory, which scientists call the CRISPR Array. Named The bacterium thus stores this CRISPR array for its own memory and prepares itself for immediate response in the event of a recurrence of the same virus in the future. The same capability of CRISPR-Cas9 was used by the scientists for the purpose of "Targeted Gene Theropy", for which purpose the scientists used the CRISPR Array of bacteria in the laboratory according to their genetic target RWA. Prepare the pieces.

It should be noted that these genetic targets are actually those parts of the gene that cause some kind of disease, such as cancer, and for their accuracy, they were targeted and made into small pieces of RNA and then These fragments are attached to a guide RNA and Cas-9 enzyme and inserted into the living cell. The CRISPR-RNAs, which are now designed to target specific cells, identify the specific genes in the cell's DNA, that is, their specific target, and attach to the DNA. And then the Cas-9 enzyme cuts the DNA by performing genetic scissors at its target site.

Once the DNA is cut at its proper target, the "mutated part" at that point is replaced with the correct part. And so a variety of genetic diseases including blood, heart, brain, nervous and immune systems and even cancer can be diagnosed and treated permanently. I got permission to use "Human Trials" experimentally for the treatment of genetic diseases. And finally in 2020, scientists proved that seven out of ten patients with Beta Thalasscmia and three with Sickle cell Anemia who participated in the CRISPR genetic modification study recovered completely. Following CRISPR's success, its inventors were awarded the largest Nobel Prize in Science in 2020.

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Scientific research in the field of molecular biology is not over yet, but even today scientists around the world are discovering and trying to use new genetic tools and new techniques for genetic modification and prevention, treatment and effective methods of various genetic diseases to treat them in better and effective way.