Landslides are mainly due to a natural process by which large rock blocks and mounds in mountainous regions automatically reach the foothills of the earth's surface with tremendous force from a height.
Apparently these movements happen suddenly, but the beginning of the movement of the mountains has been going on every moment since the creation of the earth. Rocks are congenitally mature, stable, and stagnant in all respects in terms of their location and position, but the destructive process of climate and climatic effects of the area has always been active(busy)in destabilizing it from day one.
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| What is landslides? |
Causes of landslides and effects of landslides
Especially after rain and snow, these factors act as "catalysts", weakening the grip of natural molecular bonding of atoms or particles inside the rock body. Goes As a result, the rocks crack which turn into cracks, joints and cracks, which continue continuously, then there comes a time when weak rocks cannot maintain their natural balance and as soon as they see the continent ie A large area of land is covered with rocks and even tons of mud and other debris weighs heavily on the force of resistance.
As a result, all the debris and debris suddenly begin to slide down the slope from high to low, rubbing off at high speeds, eventually reaching the bottom population and highways. This movement is called "land slide" which is also collectively called "mass rating". This process is slow and gradual in the beginning, which is why prehistoric humans did not realize it.
Due to his unfamiliarity with knowledge and scientific consciousness, he started his livelihood by recognizing the hills and foothills as safe in terms of habitat. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, such lifestyles were further strengthened in such areas, and even modern-day scientifically-minded people have adopted this lifestyle on a modern scale, and some states have even built country-building buildings. In order to promote tourism, but there have been many instances in the past when "landslides" have destroyed or severely damaged houses and high-rise buildings, including residential ones, in nearby cities and towns. There was loss of life and property.
There, however, the countries that were fully equipped with the latest equipment, experts and other resources to deal with these natural disasters, have largely overcome them. For example, the "Landslide" that occurred after the snowfall in 1978 turned the Chinese province of "Kamsu" into a heap of rubble, killing at least 200,000 people. After a snowstorm and rain in the mountains of Navato Hascainan Peru in 1970, a "landslide" buried two towns under the rubble at 100 miles per hour, leaving 18,000 people dead. Died
The highlight of the "Landslide" was that parts of it slipped at 250 miles per hour, completely destroying the surrounding highway. But on May 8, 1980, the largest "landslide" in history occurred when a 2.8km plot of land in the northern part of "Mount Street Hilson, Washington" suddenly slipped and became attached to a strong velocity. The population and the highways were evacuated, but a large number of the population control agencies relocated them in the early stages of the "landslide" in view of the danger.
In addition to natural factors, the process of "sliding" is also due to the performance of man himself. For example, December 2003 in Central Philippines, when heavy rains and snowfall severely affected the soil and mud, due to the illegal logging of timber in the region. Similarly, after heavy rains and heavy snowfall in 1972 (Hong Kong) the slope angle was further increased during the construction and construction of the highway in Milan, then the process of "Landslide" came to the fore.
In mountainous regions, rocks are in a state of stillness even after cracking and becoming unstable, but on the one hand there are physical effects between the humble rock blocks and on the other hand their intermediaries which cause the movement of these broken bodies. ۔ The most important concept in this regard is shearing.
In simple terms, action refers to the importance of deformation that occurs in a body when it is affected by an external force and as a result of which it splits into several bodies and moves along several balanced surfaces. Be able to The levels at which this movement takes place. This is called carving surface. In all solid bodies there is a natural resistance against "sharing" which prevents this process of motion. Unless an external impulsive force overcomes this internal process, motion does not occur in solid bodies.
These rock debris are usually present and maintained at a given level in a state of tranquility and this tranquility is maintained as a result of pure attraction. If the surface is horizontal then each of these particles is directly subject to the vertical component of gravity but if the surface is inclined then two forces affect it. One of which is the "vertical component" of gravity and the other its "tangential component" as the inclination of this surface increases. This "tangible component" will become more effective than this "vertical component" and there will come a stage where it will overcome it.
At this stage, solid objects (rock blocks) will automatically start moving from one height to another. The angle of inclination at which the movement begins is called the "Critical Angle". In addition to gravity, water is also a function of motion in stagnant rocks, but it is important to paste the cementing material between the rock particles, such as clay, mixed with water. Paste) or take the form of a liquid.
This leads to two situations. On the one hand the carved surface becomes wet and smooth and on the other hand the water reduces the force of advance between the particles. Is. Water and ice not only add weight to the mass around the mass but also make it more fluid.
Rock locks on soft and smooth rocks such as clay, tails, volcanic ash and mica sheets are more affected by "land slides" but are more visible in mountainous areas where the slope and the angle of inclination of the rocks are one. It is in the same direction. Landslides are also caused by cutting and digging in mountainous areas to create excessive Angle if Repose, increase the Ioal of the slope and excess water in the rock body. happens.
How to control landslides?
In order to control all these situations, it is necessary to take into account the special engineering procedures when changing the natural environment of the area when construction is intended for residential purposes in mountainous areas. Some owners cut the rocky slope to control it. A wall has been built there but it is not enough to stop the landslides while moving in the valley.
Therefore, it is necessary to install a drainage pipe inside the barrier wall and on the hillside. Excess water without drainage reduces the shear strength of the rock body and all the soggy material can easily break down the wall. The second precaution should be to avoid too much angle of reposition on the slope. No individual cuts should be made on the slopes of the hills, but rows of equal squares should be made.
Doing so will not only reduce the inclination of the slope angle but also reduce the shear force on the lower components by removing the upper bar. It also protects against unstable debris (for example, removes large blocks from the board cocktail) and avoids the risk of slipping down. That's the way constructions are made. Grass or vegetation is grown on it immediately, so that it can perform anchoring work on the slope.
Highways built in mountainous and hilly areas, on the other hand, face severe problems due to slipping and slipping of rocks, because during its construction when the road is cut or bulldozed to cut the roadside. More sloping and steep cliff structure appears. If the weak zones in the rocks show their joints, cracks and layered surfaces, then the facts are known only after they have been re-routed and the highway has been cut.
If the weak surface is inclined towards the inside of the hill then there is no possibility of rock slippage in such a situation but on the other hand if the weak surface is almost balanced with the edges of the hill then rock slippage is sure. That is why experts are working on a number of projects to overcome the "landslide" and first of all it is important to get a detailed geological survey and information before constructing a highway and road. Necessary, due to which the process of slipping continues.
When bulldozing rocky outcrops, low-slippery paths should be chosen to minimize the risk of skimming. If during construction of a highway it is intended to cut a main rock (red rock) which is visible in the face of the wind, then in such a situation all the landslides which are of slippery nature should be removed in any case.
In some cases, when the inclination is very high and the rocks tend to slip, the technique of stitching the area is applied. Cement spray is used to stabilize any exposed rock along the roadside to avoid the risk of "landslide". In most of the states of the world where the risk of landslides is high or high, the information is received day and night through radio messenger, in order to be safe from the dangers of slipping rocks.
Centers have been set up along the highways in European countries where the Geological Survey Department has installed various instruments in the areas of "Landslide", through which data can be obtained quickly. Are available on the Internet. Modern devices include "gauge pressure meters" and motion sensor devices that record and provide information by initially recording even the slightest "vibration" of a "landslide". I come
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Especially after snowfall and ground movement because the risk of "landslides" at high altitudes in mountainous areas after snowfall is very high, which is the first responsibility of the state-established agencies to control. He should not neglect to activate the efficient system, so that the population, highways and tourists can be protected.