What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is an inherited substance found in the body of all living things, including humans.DNA Testing,Uses of DNA testing, importance of DNA testing We can put this medical term in simple terms by saying that the basic unit of the human body is the cell, it is a collection of innumerable cells. Each cell in the body consists of a molecule, with a nucleus between the molecules of these cells, which contains DNA. It is a miracle of nature that in this world, the same DNA is found in all the cells of a single human body. But with the exception of twins, the DNA of every human being in this world is radically different. Every human being receives 50% of his DNA from his mother and 50% from his father. From the specific combination of these two DNAs, man forms his own DNA, which is man's own specific genetic code. This code provides all the information about a person, such as his gender, hair color, eye structure, bedtime, age and body composition, etc. In addition, what diseases he suffers from can also be determined by his DNA.
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| what is DNA test and its applications |
The importance of DNA
DNA testing is a complex and time-consuming process that has revolutionized the world of criminology and forensic science. Now DNA is being recognized as evidence in the courts, after which not only many registered cases are being solved but also many innocent people are being released from jails who have been convicted with the help of false interrogation and false witnesses. Granted, but now with the help of DNA the real culprits are arrested.
How is a DNA test performed?
The DNA of the person to be tested can be taken from the hair, blood, bone, saliva, flesh and even the toothbrush used by the desired person or any one of them. Sample can be taken. That is why in case of any sudden calamity, accident or terrorism, the bodies are identified with the help of DNA. DNA is first isolated from a human cell and then millions of copies of this DNA are made using a method called polymerase chain reaction. With the help of which DNA testing can be done in a better way. When a person's DNA is tested, the same number of numbers are coded once after reviewing 15 different aspects. Just as our mobile phone numbers have seven digits, some of the six digits may match each other, but the seven digits cannot be the same, so everyone has a different DNA. After testing the DNA, a DNA fingerprint is made. By looking at the similarities between the DNA fingerprints of two different specimens, one can determine their relationship.
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In the case of accidents, when it is impossible to identify the body, it is identified through DNA. DNA tests are used to determine which family's DNA is coming from. A comparative examination of the genetic code contained in the DNA can determine whether there is a blood relationship between two different individuals, so take DNA samples from charred or unidentified bodies and match them with samples from claimants and relatives. Go If the genetic codes are the same, the blood relationship is proved and the body is handed over to the next of kin. There is no room for ambiguity after the DNA test. Due to lack of forensic lab, forensic scientists and expert staff in Pakistan, this test is very difficult to perform and it takes weeks to complete.
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| How DNA test is performed and purpose |
Why is a DNA test done?
Here are some common purposes of DNA testing(Applications of DNA testing)(Uses of DNA testing)
To prove parenthood
If it is necessary to know who the real parents of a person are, then the DNA is matched with those who claim the birth of that person. If there is a similarity in the DNA of the two, then the claim of birth is valid.
To identify the culprit
The culprit can also be easily identified with the help of DNA. If a biological sample of the culprit is found at the scene, a complete report is compiled by obtaining its DNA. The report can then be matched with the DNA of the accused named in the case to identify the culprit.
…… Gene therapy
If a family has a specific disease, they can use DNA tests before their children are born to find out if their child can be infected.
… Genetic genetics
If one wants to get information about one's ancestors, it is also possible through DNA test.
...................DNA test successful stories.........
1)Cases solved in Pakistan with the help of DNA
Man is his own spy
Some of the world's most complex cases of inheritance, identity murder and rape have been solved with the help of DNA. The rape case against Mike Tyson was solved with the same technology, now cases are being solved in Pakistan as well as all over the world. The first National DNA Laboratory under the National Forensic Science Agency was established in 2006 in Islamabad. Where DNA samples from all over the country were sent for testing. Due to which time was required to identify the culprit. But now this facility is also available in other provinces, however, it is necessary to be very careful in this regard, because in most cases the accused succeed in escaping the loss of evidence.
…… When the Mayo Hospital nursery caught fire, the burnt unidentified bodies were identified with the help of DNA.
On May 2, 2011 when the order Yaka killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in an operation in Abbottabad, comparing DNA samples from his body to his family to scientifically confirm his death globally. What happened to the DNA of many people, which matched.
…… On December 7, 2016, a passenger plane crashed, in which several passengers, including Junaid Jamshed, were on board, so the victims were once again identified with the help of the same technology. When the identification process was complete, that is, when the DNA matched, the bodies of their loved ones were handed over to the survivors.
On May 3, 2016, Khadija Siddiqui, a law student from Lahore, was allegedly stabbed to death by a man wearing a helmet. Later, DNA tests proved that her assailant was her accomplice. The party was Shah Hussain, who was sentenced to seven years in prison for attempted murder.
After obtaining DNA from bloodstains and matching it with the suspects, the conspiracy was solved and the killers were caught.
The tragedy, guilt, Zainab murder case that took place earlier this year was also solved with the help of this technique and Imran Ali Naqshbandi who was a close acquaintance of the girl was brought to justice. To solve the case, investigators tested the DNA of several hundred people in the district and then created DNA profiles from them, which were matched with DNA samples taken from the body of the slain girl. It was proved who was the accused who raped and killed Zainab, and the accused was also implicated in seven other incidents thanks to the same test.
2)......... International Case solved by DNA Test...
Colin Patcherfork was released on November 13, 2017, after serving 30 years in prison. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison after raping two 15-year-old girls. Who is Colin Patcher Fork? How was he arrested? How did the police officers investigate this case and how did they reach the culprit? To know all this, one has to look into the past, thirty-five years ago.
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| how DNA testing is used to find culprits |
It was a cold November 21, 1983, when Linda Mann, a 15-year-old girl from Nerborough, Leicestershire, went to visit her friend on a cold winter's afternoon, but never again. She did not return home. She went missing before reaching her friend's house. Twenty-four hours after Linda's disappearance, her parents received the shocking news that no parent in the world could have imagined. Investigators called him to identify the body, which was found in an area called Blackpad, which was severely tortured after the rape and then strangled to death. Unfortunately, it was Linda Mann's body. After the body was identified, traces of blood from her body were collected and preserved, and the forensic technique discovered so far examined the blood cells but due to insufficient technique Only 10% of the results of rape, murder and murder could be obtained, on the basis of which it is not difficult to draw any conclusion or call anyone a murderer. Due to lack of solid evidence and witnesses, the case file was closed before the innocent girl got justice and the case of Linda Mann was frozen.
Man is his own spy
Three years after Linda Mann's assassination, another similar incident took place in the same area, creating an atmosphere of panic in the area. Residents confined their daughters to their homes. Investigators were pressured to arrest and punish the killers of the two girls as soon as possible, so that the dark shadows of fear could be removed from people's heads and they could breathe a sigh of relief in the open air. Despite the similarities between the two murder cases, investigators began a fresh investigation into the murder case, but soon concluded that the same person may have been involved in both murder cases.
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The murder was the death of 15-year-old Don Eshworth. Dawn's murder took place at about 4:30 pm on July 31, 1986, when Dawn Ashworth, after returning from school, intended to go to her friend's house in the nearby village of Narburg. Living in the suburbs, Don Eishorth lived in the small village of Anderby, a few miles from Narburg. He decided to walk to his friend's house on the road called "Ten Pound". Don usually used to go to his friend's house, but for the first time he chose another way to go to his house, short. What happened due to being cut. But like Linda, she disappeared before she could go to her friend's house. The parents lodged a report at the police station. Police initially investigated the case from this angle, considering it a case of kidnapping for ransom. Later, two days after Dawn's disappearance and no one called for ransom, police stepped up their search for Don Ausworth. His body was soon found in the vicinity of Narburg. Like Linda, she was strangled to death after being raped. According to the pathologist, based on the marks found on her body, Dawn tried hard to save herself before the murder, while investigators say the case involved the murder of Linda Mann, who died three years ago. He was also strangled to death with his own scarf after the rape. Due to the striking resemblance between the two cases, Jimmy began to loosen up on the Linda Man murder case file. Due to similarities in the procedure, investigators concluded that the same person may have been involved in both incidents. The killer was speculated to be a serial killer who lured 15-year-old girls in the area. It should be noted that the two murder cases were only a few miles away from the scene, and the evidence found in Dawn's body was matched with the evidence found near Linda's body, which strengthened their guess that the killer of both There is only one person.
After a preliminary investigation, investigators quickly began searching for the killer, calling the case a serial killing and looking at it from the same angle. People in the area were told that 15 people had been killed in Narburg and its environs. Don't send the girls of the year from home alone. At the same time, the media has been urging the police and various agencies to arrest the killer. If the killer of these girls is not caught today, then tomorrow someone else's daughter will be killed. There could also be rape and murder, various articles were published in the newspapers in this regard. Investigators say the killer is from the same area, who knows the area well, and is someone close to or familiar with the two girls.
Man is his own spy
Geneticist, Dr. Alec Jefferies
A 17-year-old man from Narburg, Richard Buckland, who was mentally ill, was arrested after the investigation.
I used to face difficulty. But not only did he know Dawn well, but he also had information about the case that had not yet been leaked to investigators. Richard Buckland, on the other hand, pleaded guilty more than once during the interrogation to killing Don Aishworth. After his confession, the university administration canceled his admission. He was arrested on August 10, 1986, and produced in court on the same day, where he denied knowing Linda Mann's murder and refused to recognize her. "I am not ashamed or ashamed to kill him," he confessed. But investigators knew that the two girls had been killed by the same man, so Richard's confession to one murder and his denial of the other put investigators in a quandary as to whether Richard was lying. He has killed one or he has killed both. The question arises as to why Richard is lying, if he did not kill, then why is he blaming himself, is he trying to save someone or did he commit both murders. Then why confess one and deny the other?
Investigators faced two major challenges. Arrest the real killer as soon as possible and find out the truth behind Richard's mystery. Meanwhile, British geneticist Dr. Alec Jefferies discovered in an experiment at the University of Leicester how different diseases are passed on from one generation to the next. They separated DNA from human cells and attached them to a photographic film, which gave them a reflection of their special order. From this observation, they immediately learned that the DNA sequences of all the cells of the individuals whose cells were obtained for the experiment were different from each other, and they also discovered that The "fingerprints" of human fingers are different from each other and no two human fingerprints can be the same, just as the DNA of every human being is different, which never coincides with each other. Can This technology can be used to determine blood relatives, in this regard he published a research paper in 1986. He then went on to work on a number of different cases in which several children were denied British citizenship simply because their parents were not from the UK, and Alec Jefferies later revealed that This research can also be helpful in identifying criminals involved in various crimes.
At first it was hard to believe him, but when Richard Buckland's case came to light, investigators contacted Alec Jefferies to get out of this predicament and asked him to cooperate in the case, but he immediately agreed. And they tested the evidence from the girls' bodies and Richard's blood cell samples, which revealed that the killers of the two girls were the same person who strangled them to death after the rape. ۔ But Richard is not that person, he is innocent and he was not present at the scene. Alik's revelation left police officers wondering why anyone would take the blame for an unjustified murder, so they rejected the geneticist's report and asked for a re-test, but even after three tests, when the result was the same. When it turned out, Richard was acquitted and released. Since he was imprisoned for three months during this time, his admission to the university was revoked, that was his purpose. Due to which he was ready to take the charge of murder on his own head. Now, once again, the police are trying to identify the real killer. Investigators decided to solve the case using DNA techniques. Now the problem was that it took a long time, so they decided to test the blood of all the gentlemen from Narburg and the surrounding areas, who were born between 1953 and 1970, who were residents of the area and who were employed. From here, all the gentlemen were summoned voluntarily by letter. To do this, they set up two centers, one at a local school and one at a council office, where blood samples were taken three days a week, in the morning and evening. Some gentlemen initially refused to give blood samples but then agreed to the delicacy of the case, so a year later, in August 1987, the police reached out to the real killer, Colin Patcherfork and his accomplice. With the help of which he was trying to avoid giving a blood sample. Colin Patcherfork later confessed to investigators that he raped and killed the two innocent girls. When Colin was produced in court, he pleaded guilty. The court sentenced him to life imprisonment, which was 30 years under British law at the time, and he was released in November last year.
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Man is his own spy
The case became the focus of worldwide attention for two reasons. For the first time in the world of science, the case was solved immediately after the discovery of a new technique like DNA, and the second made it possible to access the killer by obtaining blood samples on such a large scale.